It's All Lies!!!

The art of telling fibs is alive and well and Nottingham unveils the biggest liar in the world.


Plenty of tall tales have been told at Nottingham’s Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem pub over the centuries. In 2004 it's become the venue for a fresh bunch of dirty liars. And no, it wasn’t a group of lads on the pull – nine of Nottinghamshire’s finest storytellers were battling it out for the dubious title of ‘World’s Greatest Liar.’


The event was organised by 55-year-old Pete Davis, better known as Pete the Fireman (because he is a fireman – and that’s the truth.) Pete runs the Storytellers of Nottingham, a club that meets in Ye Olde Trip every month to lie to each other (or tell stories, as they like to put it).
This year, the competition had an extra unbelievable twist: Pete won, with a big fat lie about his vampiric parents. "I’ve been running this for six years," he said after thanking himself, "And this is the first time I’ve won."

So, as the organiser – did you expect to win?
"No I didn’t! I’ve been storytelling for eight years…it’s a strange thing to want to be called the world’s greatest liar. Bill Kirkham, whose won the competition for the last three years, he’s an ex-Chief Superintendent of Police. Worrying, isn’t it?"

What does your wife think of your talent for lying?
"She’s my wife. She’s used to it!"

And what do your colleagues in the Fire Brigade think of your storytelling?
"They thought it was silly at first, but now they’re quite taken with it. They really think it’s fantastic. They are incredible storytellers, firemen."

Given that you are now the World’s Greatest Liar, any advice for our politicians?
"Basically, pack it in. Unless you’re doing it for fun. You’re upsetting lot of people by lying, so behave. Tony Blair wouldn’t know the truth if it bit him in the arse! Tell the truth – save the lies for our competition next year."

Can you give us an example of how you use your talent in everyday life?
"At work we get people from the Nottingham Evening Post ringing us for stories and one morning I told a guy a meteor had hit the jewel tower. I said we’d found the meteorite while we were drilling. He asked how I knew it was a meteorite, I said, ‘I’m a trained geologist… It’s really rare.’ He asked if he could come to the station and take a picture, so I told him to come back at 9, when the station officer was in. That was when we went off duty. But he phoned at quarter to nine and the station manager tannoys over, he says, ‘Blue Watch – which whatsit told the Post about the meteorite?’ That was a true one. Well, a true cheat anyway."

With Christmas coming up, what do you make of the whole Father Christmas myth?
"I like it. I’m a grandfather – it’s nice for the kiddies. It’s not a Christian thing, is it, Father Christmas? I’m a pagan anyway, but I’ll celebrate anything that involves eating pies and boozing!"


The Storytellers of Nottingham meet on the last Thursday of every month and anyone is welcome. Just remember to take everything they say with a pinch of salt.

Mukesh Ambani India's 1st trillionaire

Reliance Industries Chairman Mukesh Ambani has won the rare distinction of being the only trillionaire in the country with over Rs 1,00,000 crore of wealth in his companies’ shareholdings.Younger brother Anil is also trailing behind closely with close to Rs 90,000 crore of wealth in the stock market through his holdings in various group companies.Early this year, Mukesh Ambani was ranked 14th by the Forbes 2007 list of world's billionaires. Being a shrewd businessman, Mukesh is seen in the corporate circles as someone who has that rare mix of passion and clever insight. Unlike Anil, Mukesh is level headed, does not runs into quotes easily and balances his words articulately even while discussing the most simple matters.Since splitting with younger brother Anil in 2005 and taking control of $20 billion (revenues) Reliance Industries, founded by his father Dhirubhai Ambani, Mukesh's fortune has soared by $11 billion. He has ventured $5.5 billion on retail ventures including Reliance Fresh, a chain of food stores out of which 60 are now open. His megaplans include $10 billion investment to develop special economic zones across India.The total investors' wealth in the four Anil Ambani Group firms—Reliance Communications (RCOM), Reliance Capital (RCL), Reliance Energy (REL) and Reliance Natural Resources Ltd (RNRL) has reached 1,42,384 crore, while total promoter holding is estimated at about Rs 87,000 crore.The combined market capitalisation of the four Mukesh Ambani Group companies—RIL, Reliance Petroleum (RPL), IPCL and Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Ltd (RIIL) has crossed the Rs 2,50,000 crore mark. The total promoter holding in these companies is worth over half at about Rs 1,30,000 crore.While Anil Ambani holds control of most of these shareholdings, his stakes in some other listed companies such as Adlabs Films takes his total wealth in capital market to around Rs 90,000 crore.Mukesh Ambani, based on his direct and indirect holdings in various group companies, is estimated to have control of about Rs 1,11,000 crore worth shares.While RIL has witnessed a jump of about Rs 1,08,000 crore in its market value in the past one year, that of RCOM has gained by about Rs 70,500 crore in the same period.Reliance Capital has also gained about Rs 14,000 crore in one year, while the gain for RPL is around Rs 12,250 crore. RNRL and REL have gained close to Rs 1,500 crore each, while IPCL has added close to Rs 4,500 crore to its market cap in the past 12 months, although that of RIIL has dropped by about Rs 300 crore.

Confess your sins online now

Now, people are confessing their sins from the comfort of their home. "Bless me father for I have sinned." Most Christians are familiar with traditional means of confession in a booth or face-to-face in a church. But now, the internet highway may be the road to salvation. You can just type away your sins on website "www.ivescrewedup.com".Pastor Gramling and several other church members decided the Internet was a way to reach out.They had never expected the reaction. More than one thousand mea culpa's have poured in since the site went up on Easter Sunday. All are kept anonymous. And the Church leaders screen the confessions before they are posted.One person confessed to stealing $15 thousand from family members. Another wrote, "I hate myself, the way I look, the way I think, the way I feel, everything!"Jus like in the movie Bruce Almighty, actor Jim Carey plays God and is quickly fed up with the amount of e-mail he's getting. Unlike Carey who sends a blanket e-mail response, the flamingo road church doesn't respond at all. Believing that if your confession is sincere god is listening. Or in this case reading, and most importantly forgiving.

Riyo Mori Crowned Miss World 2007

Riyo Mori a 20-year-old dancer from Japan was crowned miss world 2007 at mexico city on monday.Riyo Mori nervously grabbed the hands of first runner-up Natalia Guimaraes of Brazil just before the winner was announced. Miss India, Puja Gupta, who had made it to the last ten, however, failed to reach the top five.She wants to someday open an international dance school in Japan.Miss USA Rachel Smith, whose chances may have been dimmed when she slipped and fell to the floor during the evening gown competition, was the contest's fourth runner-up. Also finishing in the top five were second runner-up Ly Jonaitis of Venezuela and third runner-up Honey Lee of Korea.
The winner travels the world for a year on behalf of charities and pageant sponsors. Zuleyka Rivera Mendoza of Puerto Rico crowned her successor at the end of the two-hour telecast with the headpiece valued at USD 250,000.

Uttar Pradesh Private Limited

A dalit ki beti has become Uttar Pradesh ki rani: Mayawati has created a historic win in Uttar Pradesh. "Caste" and "religion" are the dominant words used to describe UP's politics. But instead, as any reporter on the UP trail will tell you, UP's politics is also about another word. In addition to caste and religion, the other word is "opportunity."

In the absence of a business sector, a vibrant intelligentsia or a society where talent is recognized, politics is the only status-provider in UP. Politics is played for basic livelihood, upward mobility and good salaries. How to become the village daroga? How to get a son into government school? How to arrange a suitable match for a daughter. Politics provides the linkages that oil one's daily existence. Thus, politics is to UP what the private sector is to other states. Politics is Uttar Pradesh's largest industry, it is the state's corporate sector, and it is a key avenue of employment. Because politics is the private sector, "opportunity" becomes the key determinant of political behaviour.

A state without an Infosys or a Wipro, with an industrial growth rate at a dismal 4 per cent, it is the Bahujan Samaj Party Pvt Ltd, the Samajwadi Party Pvt Ltd and the Bharatiya Janata Party Pvt Limited that are the aspiration of millions. Whoever forms the next government in UP, will thus be driven by the desire to raise the profitability of the company, attract new shareholders and pursue as many joint ventures as possible. Its not fair to judge the politics of UP by how far it conforms to standards of public life. In fact, party behaviour should be judged by but how far political parties serve their stakeholders and how far they are able to remain successful brand names.

Mayawati's bold gambit of transforming the Bahujan Samaj Party from the party of dalits to the `sarvajan samaj' or `samta muluk samaj,' is the biggest story of the Uttar Pradesh assembly elections of 2007. The BSP, once the hater of all suvarna castes, is now open and welcoming of not only Brahmins, but also thakurs, rajputs and banias. What does such a transformation imply? Such a transformation implies great opportunities. Today, in the BSP, there are party tickets on offer (for a cash transfer of course), ministerial berths on offer, Rajya Sabha seats on offer and the additional benefit of a vast loyal vote bank which will faithfully ensure that the company never goes under. The Bahujan Samaj Party in UP is a newly opened company, with plenty of jobs available. Only the post of CEO is taken, the other second rung posts are all empty and up for grabs. So, if you are educated and upper caste then the BSP offers a rewarding career. After all, Mayawati badly requires educated people to run her ministries and once (and if) the BSP acquires the Lucknow gaddi, educated BSP members will be a valued asset.

Satish Chandra Misra, the dalit party's new Brahmin face, and arguably the Number 2 in the BSP, is perhaps the latest political entrepreneur in UP. Till a few years ago, Misra was a senior lawyer with political ambitions. Had he joined the Congress, he might have been waiting in a long queue for a darshan of Rahul Gandhi. In the BJP, he would have been marginal to the existing party hierarachy. In the BSP, on the other hand, he has within the space of two years become the party's key strategist, even being given his own helicopter to campaign, a privilege reserved until now for the party's supreme leader. The entire Brahmin alliance strategy was and is Misra's brainchild, he came up with it, just as a far sighted new managing director might come up with a new business strategy. As long as a party continues to provide opportunities for all, it will keep growing. Hardcore loyalists might crib about ideological dilution, but a growing business offers its own rewards.

Today a dalit youth can get a job with the Bahujan Vounteer Force, or the BSP's private law enforcement security agency, and even carry the parallel rank of an SP or a DCP. Becoming a karyakarta with the BSP means a fixed responsibility, membership of an "organization", maybe a stipend, hours of work, and a source of insurance during trouble. Why then should a young man not choose this career? Raju Pal, the assassinated BSP MLA from Allahabad West was a Samajwadi Party loyalist and only defected to the BSP when he failed to get a ticket. Its a story replicated thousand fold across UP. Most legislators change their parties at least twice, if not thrice in the quest of a ticket. No ideology or belief systems or loyalty to a leader ties them to a party. What motivates them is purely the calculation of future opportunity.

The Ram Janmabhoomi movement of the BJP of the late eighties and early nineties attracted UP's youth. The footsoldiers of the Ram janmabhoomi movement were not the Brahmin ideologues of hindutva, but the backward caste armies mustered by Vinay katiyar and kalyan Singh, the OBC leaders of the BJP. Ram Mandir may not have been the final destination of the caste armies. Ram Mandir was simply a symbol of future careers. This is seen in the fact that the BJP which reached the very peak of its organization in the early 90s, collapsed very quickly afterwards. The party of opportunity rapidly became a failed business once it began to weaken in the face of competition. The competition for political opportunity, came from the lower caste Samajwadi Party and the Bahujan Samaj Party. With the rise of the SP and the BSP, the BJP cadres drained away to the "companies" offering even better futures.

Opportunity is in woefully short supply in UP. Aside from the narrow strip of Western UP, industry has yet to be born in the rest of the state. Despite being a VIP constituency, Amethi is in ruins. Malvika Stainless Steel, Amethi's only sizeable manufacturing plant, no longer functions there. Samrat Cycles has shut down. Vast numbers across UP are unemployed. UP has the lowest labour costs in India and is the largest source of foodgrain, but in eastern UP for example, in the entire belt stretching between Allahabad and Varanasi down to Roberstgunj, every family contains at least two members who are migrants. They have fled to become taxi drivers in Mumbai or Kolkata. In Basti district, villagers journey to Gujarat for their daily bread. A large majority of those Muslim labourers who died in the Best Bakery fire during the Gujarat riots of 2002 were UP Muslims from a village called Bhaggowar in Basti, where the aunts and cousins of Zaheera Sheikh still live. In Lucknow, English language classes are mushrooming. At one of these classes, Seekers Assembly, students said they were keen to get out of Uttar Pradesh as fast as possible. To learn English is to gain an escape route and a chance at employment outside the state. Without English language, there is only the language of politics.

Those who expect a "political" outcome of the UP elections, in terms of ideology and party loyalty are thus invariably disappointed. What emerges on the other hand, is a "business" outcome, a final result where the opportunity levels within a party are displayed in public. The saying in UP is ,"ugta suraj ko sab salaam karte hai." Everyone from Brahmin to dalit always salutes the rising sun, and everyone also wants to join a new successful company.

Alonso does It Again!!!!....Ur Pick On The Monaco Grnd Prix...

Dream of every racer..Alonso's conquered it 1ce again..Yes he's shown his worth 1ce again by winning the Monaco Grand Prix for the 2nd consecutive time...strtin smooth wid a safe pole position..movin on to open up a credible gap of arnd 9 secs at a pt in game..n gatherin a superfab finish-this man has 1ce again showed his worth 2 d world..on a street circuit claimed 2 b 1 of d most difficult circuits 2 race on..dis guy has shown tht he truly does rule d roost!
The 78 lap race remained quite a display of sheer dominance by d fore-runners with none but 4 cars on d same lap as d race leader; others lagging by more than almost 2 mins! It was also a pleasure 2 see d perfection by d drivers with jus 4 cars failin 2 finish till d chequered flag...esp on a circuit knwn 2 crash out loadsa thm...
Louis Hamilton finished onto a close second..pushin harder thn eva 2 but failin 2 secure his 1st win...he now equals Alonso on his championship points..Massa secured d final podium posn...which puts his score rt behind alonso n hamilton...Kimi Raikonnen was a disappointed man wid 8th posn on his cards..gettin him only d final championship pt..
As 4 d teams...McLaren 1ce again made its mark while Ferrari yet again failed 2 secure a win...their last win on d track bein in 2001...
All in all it was a fine game of excellence..though most of the podium posn remainin unchaned...as was wel expected on d Monaco circuit...yet a sheer display of perfection by d drivers...
P.S.: Cheers 2 ALONSO!!!!!

Strange!!!!

Youngest Person to Wear Full Set of Dentures

WHO:
Alexander Stone
WHAT:
4 years 301 days
WHERE:
Indianna, United States
WHEN:
June 7, 2001
Alexander Stone (USA) was given a full set of dentures on June 7, 2001 at the age of 4 years 301 days due to an hereditary condition called dentinogenesis imperfecta which weakens and discolours the teeth, removing the pulp.

Smallest Newspaper

WHO:
Vossa Senhoria
WHAT:
2.5 x 3.5 cm(0.98 x 1.38 in)
WHERE:
Brazil
WHEN:
1985
Back in the 1930s, Brazil's Leonidas Schwindt had a burning ambition to make it big in the world of newspapers. His tiny micro journal Vossa Senhoria became big news in South America, and the paper's diminutive dimensions soon began making headlines. The original editions measured 7 x 10 cm (2.75 x 3.94 in), but when Leonidas' daughter took over the paper in 1985, she shrank it further still, to a tiny 2.5 x 3.5 cm (0.98 x 1.38 in). The weekly newspaper has a circulation of around 5,000 copies, and each edition has around 16 pages.

Most Books Typed Backwards

WHO:
Michele Santelia
WHAT:
56 books (3,004,767 words)
WHERE:
Campobasso, Italy
WHEN:
December 16, 2005
Using a computer and four blank keyboards, and without looking at the screen, Michele Santelia (Italy) typed backwards 57 books (3,194,024 words) in their original languages including The Odyssey, Macbeth, The Vulgate Bible and the Guinness World Records Book 2002. He completed typing backwards the hieroglyphics of the 78.8 kg (174 lb) heavy Egyptian Book of the Dead, in Campobasso, Italy, on 16 December 2005.

Largest Tea Party

WHO:
Nishio-city
WHAT:
14,718
WHERE:
Nishio-city, Aichi, Japan
WHEN:
October 8, 2006
The largest simultaneous tea party consisted of 14,718 people drinking powdered green tea (matcha) according to the Japanese tea ceremony and was arranged by the city of Nishio and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Nishio, in Nishio-city, Aichi, Japan, on October 8, 2006.

All You Wanted To Know About The Booker Prize.....

The Man Booker prize represents the very best of contemporary fiction. One of the world's most famous literary prizes, it continues to be the ultimate accolade for every fiction writer.


How books are submitted:

UK publishers may enter up to two full-length novels for a specific year. In addition, any title by an author who has won the Booker Prize and any title by an author who has been shortlisted in the last ten years may be submitted. Publishers may also submit a list of up to five further titles for the judges' consideration. The judges are required to call in no less than eight and no more than twelve of these titles. One thing that distinguishes the Man Booker Prize from other literary awards is that the judges read all of the submitted books. The list of submitted titles is strictly confidential.


The judges announced for the Man Booker Prize 2007 - February 22 2007:

A sparkling line-up of judges is announced today (Thursday, 22nd February) for the 2007 Man Booker Prize for Fiction. Chaired by Howard Davies, the line-up consists of Wendy Cope, poet; Giles Foden, journalist and author of BAFTA award winning The Last King of Scotland; Ruth Scurr, biographer and critic and Imogen Stubbs, actor.

Previous winners:

2006 - Kiran Desai, The Inheritance of Loss
2005 - John Banville, The Sea
2004 - Alan Hollinghurst, The Line of Beauty
2003 - DBC Pierre, Vernon God Little
2002 - Yann Martel, Life of Pi
2001 - Peter Carey, True History of the Kelly Gang
2000 - Margaret Atwood, The Blind Assassin
1999 - J M Coetzee, Disgrace
1998 - Ian McEwan, Amsterdam
1997 - Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things
1996 - Graham Swift, Last Orders
1995 - Pat Barker, The Ghost Road
1994 - James Kelman, How Late It Was, How Late
1993 - Roddy Doyle, Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha
1992 - Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient1992 - Barry Unsworth, Sacred Hunger
1991 - Ben Okri, The Famished Road
1990 - A S Byatt, Possession
1989 - Kazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the Day
1988 - Peter Carey, Oscar and Lucinda
1987 - Penelope Lively, Moon Tiger
1986 - Kingsley Amis, The Old Devils
1985 - Keri Hulme, The Bone People
1984 - Anita Brookner, Hotel du Lac
1983 - J M Coetzee, Life & Times of Michael K
1982 - Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark
1981 - Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children
1980 - William Golding, Rites of Passage
1979 - Penelope Fitzgerald, Offshore
1978 - Iris Murdoch, The Sea, the Sea
1977 - Paul Scott, Staying On
1976 - David Storey, Saville
1975 - Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Heat and Dust
1974 - Nadine Gordimer, The Conservationist1974 - Stanley Middleton, Holiday
1973 - J G Farrell, The Siege of Krishnapur
1972 - John Berger, G
1971 - V S Naipaul, In a Free State
1970 - Bernice Rubens, The Elected Member
1969 - P H Newby, Something to Answer For

About Booker Prize 2006:

Judges:
Hermione Lee (chair)
Simon ArmitageCandia
McWilliamAnthony
QuinnFiona Shaw

Shortlisted authors:
Kiran Desai : The Inheritance of LossHamish Hamilton
Kate Grenville: The Secret RiverCanongate
M.J. Hyland: Carry Me DownCanongate
Hisham Matar: In The Country of MenViking
Edward St Aubyn : Mother's MilkPicador
Sarah Waters : The Night WatchVirago

Winner:















Kiran Desai: The Inheritance of Loss (Hamish Hamilton)

Brush Up Your Networking Concepts

1. What are the two types of transmission technology available?

Broadcast and point-to-point

2. What is subnet?

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

3. Difference between the communication and transmission.

Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronisation, clock etc.

Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.

4. What are the possible ways of data exchange?

(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.

5. What is SAP?

Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

6. What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks?

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X"

7. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

8. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

9. What is Beaconing?

The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

10. What is redirector?

Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.

11. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

12. What is RAID?

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

13. What is passive topology?

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.

14. What is Brouter?

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

15. What is cladding?

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

16. What is point-to-point protocol

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

17. How Gateway is different from Routers?

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats

18. What is attenuation?

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

19. What is MAC address?

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.

20. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.

baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

21. What is Bandwidth?

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

22. What are the types of Transmission media?

Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.

a) Guided Media:

These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.

b) Unguided Media:

This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.

23. What is Project 802?

It is a project started by IEEE to set standards to enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols.

It consists of the following:

Ø 802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols.

Ø 802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.

Ø Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).

Ø 802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.

24. What is Protocol Data Unit?

The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame).

25. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices?

Repeater:

Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.

Bridges:

These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.

Routers:

They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.

Gateways:

They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.

26. What is ICMP?

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

27. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite?

The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.

28. What is difference between ARP and RARP?

The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.

The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.

29. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?

The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.

30. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?

Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255

Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

31. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?

The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offer by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.

32. What are major types of networks and explain?

Ø Server-based network

Ø Peer-to-peer network

Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.

Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration.

33. What are the important topologies for networks

BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.

Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.

STAR topology:In this all computers are connected using a central hub.

Advantages:Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop.

Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

34. What is mesh network?

A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

35. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?

In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

36. Explain 5-4-3 rule?

In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network ,there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.

37. What MAU?

In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).

38. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?

Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router.

39. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model?

It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.

40. What is logical link control?

One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection. 41. What is virtual channel? Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit. 42. What is virtual path? Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.

43. What is packet filter?

Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

44. What is traffic shaping?

One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping. 45. What is multicast routing? Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.

46. What is region?

When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we will call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.

47. What is silly window syndrome?

It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

48. What are Digrams and Trigrams?

The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.

49. Expand IDEA.

IDEA stands for International Data Encryption Algorithm.

50. What is wide-mouth frog?

Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.

51. What is Mail Gateway?

It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.

52. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?

It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

53. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?

It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.

54. What is autonomous system?

It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.

55. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?

It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).

56. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?

It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.

57. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?

It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.

58. What is a Multi-homed Host?

It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.

59. What is Kerberos?

It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.

60. What is OSPF?

It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.

61. What is Proxy ARP?

It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.

62. What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?

It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.

63. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?

It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.

64. What is source route?

It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.